Dental problems are a common issue in dogs and cats, with most pets developing some form of dental disease within a few short years. Cats are prone to several dental conditions, with periodontal disease, gingivitis, and resorptive disease topping the list. Learn more about problematic dental conditions that can develop in your feline friend and how to prevent oral pain and infection from our team at Sixes Animal Hospital at BridgeMill.

Dental problems in cats

Numerous dental problems can occur in cats, such as:

Periodontal disease — Periodontal disease is one of the most prevalent dental issues in cats, affecting up to 90% of cats by age 3. It involves inflammation and infection of the gums (i.e., gingivitis) and the surrounding structures that support the teeth (i.e., periodontitis). Plaque buildup leads to tartar formation and ultimately results in damage to the gums, teeth, periodontal ligaments, and alveolar bone. If left untreated, periodontal disease can also harm the heart, kidneys, and liver, causing systemic infection.

Gingivitis and stomatitis — Gingivitis refers to gum inflammation, whereas stomatitis is inflammation of the oral mucous membranes. These conditions can be caused by dental disease, adverse immune responses, or infectious diseases like feline leukemia virus (FeLV) or feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). While gingivitis is usually reversible, severe stomatitis often requires full-mouth extractions for pain and inflammation resolution.

Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions (FORLs) — Also called cervical line lesions, resorptive lesions occur when the body breaks down the structure of the tooth, leading to tooth destruction. This painful condition results in lesions or holes in the teeth and is one of the most common dental issues that affects cats, appearing in up to 75% of cats age 5 and older. While the exact cause is unknown, regular dental care is crucial for early detection and intervention.

Oral ulcers — Ulcers can develop on any soft tissues within the oral cavity, including the gums, cheeks, palate, tongue, and lips. These painful sores can be triggered by a multitude of infections, diseases, and injuries, such as calicivirus, herpesvirus, FeLV, FIV, eosinophilic granuloma complex, chemical injuries, renal failure, and squamous cell carcinoma.

Malocclusion — Malocclusion refers to misalignment of the teeth, where they do not meet properly when the mouth is closed. While more common in dogs, especially brachycephalic breeds, malocclusion can also develop in cats because of genetic factors, trauma, or abnormal tooth eruption. Malocclusion can lead to difficulty eating, oral discomfort, and increased risk of dental disease.

Oral tumors — Cats can develop tumors or growths in the mouth, including on the gums, tongue, or other oral tissues. The most common oral cancer that affects cats is squamous cell carcinoma, a highly aggressive and invasive cancer form. Potential causes of oral cancer in cats include canned tuna, flea collars, and environmental carcinogens like smoke.

Dental problem signs in cats

Spotting dental problems in your cat can be difficult unless you’re able to successfully brush their teeth and perform an oral exam. With patience and plenty of positive reinforcement, you can teach your feline friend to accept dental care, which can ultimately save them from needless pain and suffering caused by dental issues.

If your cat develops dental problems, you may notice:

  • Bad breath
  • Swollen, inflamed, or bleeding gums
  • Yellow or brown tartar accumulation
  • Sores on the lips, gums, tongue, or inner cheeks
  • Excessive drooling
  • Blood-tinged saliva
  • Loose, broken, or missing teeth
  • Enamel defects, particularly along the gumline
  • Pawing at the mouth
  • Teeth-chattering
  • Refusal to eat hard food
  • Swallowing dry food whole
  • Preferring only canned food
  • Irritability or aggression when touched around the face or mouth
  • Unkempt hair coat because of lack of grooming

In many cases, you won’t notice early dental disease in your cat, as they instinctively try to hide signs of pain or illness. This protective behavior makes it even more important to routinely check your cat’s mouth for any abnormalities that can indicate a dental issue.

Dental problem prevention in cats

Regular dental care, including professional cleanings and at-home dental hygiene practices, can help prevent and manage many of these dental problems in cats. Keep your cat’s pearly whites pristine with the following oral hygiene measures:

  • Regular toothbrushing — Since plaque begins forming on teeth within a few hours after eating, and hardening into tartar within a couple of days, daily toothbrushing is the best way to preserve your cat’s dental health.
  • Approved dental care products — Adding approved dental care products to your cat’s daily routine can further slow plaque and tartar accumulation. Check for the Veterinary Oral Health Council’s seal of acceptance on products to ensure they have proven their efficacy.
  • Routine dental cleanings — Most cats typically require annual professional dental cleanings to keep periodontal disease at bay, but cats affected by stomatitis, resorptive disease, and other dental conditions may need more frequent cleanings.
  • Oral exams — During your cat’s routine wellness visits, our team will examine their mouth for any abnormalities. We’ll also discuss eating habits and behavior changes you may have noticed at home that signify dental issues.

Prompt veterinary attention is essential if you notice any signs of dental issues in your cat, such as bad breath, swollen gums, or changes in eating habits. Give our Sixes Animal Hospital at BridgeMill team a call to schedule dental care for your cat if you spot a problem.